Annual Review of Microbiology - Volume 47,
Volume 47,
- Preface
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- Review Articles
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REFLECTIONS OF A MICROBIOLOGIST, OR HOW TO LEARN FROM THE MICROBES
Vol. 47 (1993), pp. 1–31More LessThis autobiographical chapter summarizes the author's work with a defined mineral medium for fastidious sulfide-oxidizing phototrophic purple and green sulfur bacteria that were known already from Winogradsky's and Lauterborn's descriptions. The pure cultures, isolated from natural mud deposits, revealed interesting new cytological and biochemical features. In the wake of these studies, new anaerobic bacteria with unusual metabolic capacities were isolated and characterized. Ecologically most significant is the dehydrogenation of acetate to carbon dioxide. Electron acceptors are sulfur for the sulfur reducers and sulfate for the new sulfate reducers obtained by Widdel. Thauer and Fuchs showed that a modified TCA-cycle and the new acetyl-CoA:carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway operates in the oxidation of acetate. Many aliphatic and aromatic compounds were shown to be completely degradable by marine sulfate reducers. The biogeochemical transformations of the anoxic sulfur cycle are now understood in terms of the capacities of the phototrophic and chemotrophic bacterial species involved in the cycle.
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REGULATION OF SULFUR AND NITROGEN METABOLISM IN FILAMENTOUS FUNGI
Vol. 47 (1993), pp. 31–55More LessIn the filamentous fungi, N. crassa and A. nidulans, complex regulatory circuits control nitrogen metabolism and sulfur metabolism. The expression of entire sets of unlinked structural genes that encode metabolic enzymes is repressed when favored sulfur or nitrogen sources are available. These structural genes are coregulated by global positive-acting regulatory proteins and often are also controlled by metabolic inducers and pathway-specific regulatory proteins. The recent isolation of regulatory genes and representative structural genes of these circuits has provided significant new insight into the operation of both the nitrogen and the sulfur regulatory circuits, which involve sequence-specific DNA binding proteins, promoter control elements, metabolic inducers and repressors, and autogenous regulation.
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AGROACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF MICROBIAL ORIGIN
Vol. 47 (1993), pp. 57–87More LessMicrobial metabolites attract increasing attention as potential pesticides. They are expected to overcome the resistance and pollution that have accompanied the use of synthetic pesticides. Several microbial metabolites, such as avermectin, have proved useful as agroactive agents. In this review, we attempt to identify newer agroactive microbial metabolites with feasible activity or interesting action sites from those reported in recent years. In addition, microbial and chemical modifications of existing microbial agrochemicals are discussed to illustrate the usefulness of these technologies in potentiating agroactivity and stability. We discuss the possibility of future discovery of excellent microbial agrochemicals, and the importance of efforts to promote positive public perception and public acceptance of pesticide chemicals.
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MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE PATHOGENICITY OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE: The Role of Pneumococcal Proteins
Vol. 47 (1993), pp. 89–115More Less
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MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF THE VIRULENCE AND INFECTIVITY OF CALIFORNIA SEROGROUP BUNYAVIRUSES
Vol. 47 (1993), pp. 117–138More LessCalifornia bunyaviruses cause encephalitis in mammalian hosts after peripheral infection. The virulence of these viruses is determined by their ability to replicate sequentially in striated muscle, cause viremia, and invade and replicate in the central nervous system. These viruses are also able to infect vector mosquitoes following ingestion of a blood meal containing virus. Bunyaviruses are negative stranded RNA viruses with a trisegmented genome, and the large, medium, and small RNA segments encode the polymerase, the glycoproteins, and the nucleoprotein, respectively. Reassortants between virulent and avirulent virus clones have been used to map virulence determinants in mice as well as determinants of infectivity in mosquitoes. Attenuation in mice and infectivity in mosquitoes of some virus clones maps to the medium RNA segment, implying that the virus glycoproteins, which are involved in virus entry, play a role in virulence. Attenuation in mice and mosquito infectivity of other clones maps to the large RNA segment, suggesting that cell-specific differences in the function of the viral polymerase can also determine virulence and host range.
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DISSIMILATORY METAL REDUCTION
Vol. 47 (1993), pp. 263–290More LessMicroorganisms can enzymatically reduce a variety of metals in metabolic processes that are not related to metal assimilation. Some microorganisms can conserve energy to support growth by coupling the oxidation of simple organic acids and alcohols, H2, or aromatic compounds to the reduction of Fe(III) or Mn(IV). This dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction influences the organic as well as the inorganic geochemistry of anaerobic aquatic sediments and ground water. Microorganisms that use U(VI) as a terminal electron acceptor play an important role in uranium geochemistry and may be a useful tool for removing uranium from contaminated environments. Se(VI) serves as a terminal electron acceptor to support anaerobic growth of some microorganisms. Reduction of Se(VI) to Se(O) is an important mechanism for the precipitation of selenium from contaminated waters. Enzymatic reduction of Cr(VI) to the less mobile and less toxic Cr(lll), and reduction of soluble Hg(lI) to volatile Hg(O) may affect the fate of these compounds in the environment and might be used as a remediation strategy. Microorganisms can also enzymatically reduce other metals such as technetium, vanadium, molybdenum, gold, silver, and copper, but reduction of these metals has not been studied extensively.
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 77 (2023)
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Volume 76 (2022)
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Volume 75 (2021)
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Volume 74 (2020)
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Volume 73 (2019)
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Volume 72 (2018)
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Volume 71 (2017)
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Volume 70 (2016)
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Volume 69 (2015)
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Volume 68 (2014)
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Volume 67 (2013)
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Volume 66 (2012)
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Volume 65 (2011)
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Volume 64 (2010)
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Volume 63 (2009)
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Volume 62 (2008)
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Volume 61 (2007)
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Volume 60 (2006)
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Volume 59 (2005)
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Volume 58 (2004)
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Volume 57 (2003)
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Volume 56 (2002)
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Volume 55 (2001)
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Volume 54 (2000)
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Volume 53 (1999)
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Volume 52 (1998)
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Volume 51 (1997)
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Volume 50 (1996)
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Volume 49 (1995)
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Volume 48 (1994)
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Volume 47 (1993)
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Volume 46 (1992)
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Volume 45 (1991)
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Volume 44 (1990)
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Volume 43 (1989)
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Volume 42 (1988)
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Volume 41 (1987)
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Volume 40 (1986)
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Volume 39 (1985)
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Volume 38 (1984)
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Volume 37 (1983)
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Volume 36 (1982)
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Volume 35 (1981)
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Volume 34 (1980)
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Volume 33 (1979)
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Volume 32 (1978)
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Volume 31 (1977)
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Volume 30 (1976)
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Volume 29 (1975)
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Volume 28 (1974)
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Volume 27 (1973)
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Volume 26 (1972)
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Volume 25 (1971)
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Volume 24 (1970)
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Volume 23 (1969)
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Volume 22 (1968)
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Volume 21 (1967)
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Volume 20 (1966)
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Volume 19 (1965)
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Volume 18 (1964)
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Volume 17 (1963)
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Volume 16 (1962)
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Volume 15 (1961)
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Volume 14 (1960)
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Volume 13 (1959)
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Volume 12 (1958)
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Volume 11 (1957)
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Volume 10 (1956)
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Volume 9 (1955)
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Volume 8 (1954)
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Volume 7 (1953)
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Volume 6 (1952)
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Volume 5 (1951)
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Volume 4 (1950)
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Volume 3 (1949)
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Volume 2 (1948)
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Volume 1 (1947)
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Volume 0 (1932)