Abstract
Annual Review of Entomology
Vol. 53:
61-81
(Volume publication date January 2008)
(doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093258)
First published online as a Review in Advance on July 23, 2007A Global Perspective on the Epidemiology of West Nile Virus Laura D. Kramer,1,2 Linda M. Styer,1 and Gregory D. Ebel3 1The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York 12159; email: Kramer@wadsworth.org 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12201 3Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131; email: gebel@salud.unm.edu West Nile virus (WNV) (Flavivirus: Flaviviridae) is the most widespread arbovirus in the world. A significant range expansion occurred beginning in 1999 when the virus was introduced into New York City. This review highlights recent research into WNV epizootiology and epidemiology, including recent advances in understanding of the host-virus interaction at the molecular, organismal, and ecological levels. Vector control strategies, vaccines, and antivirals, which now must be considered on a global scale, are also discussed. Acronyms and Definitions Flavivirus : genus of predominantly zoonotic positive-sense RNA viruses approximately 11 kb in length WNV : West Nile virus Neurological disease (ND) : a clinical condition that may include meningitis and/or encephalitis that follows invasion of the central nervous system by a microorganism Genotype : genetic makeup of a virus that codes for the phenotype of that strain Nonsynonymous substitutions : nucleotide substitutions in the genome that do not result in amino acid replacements Purifying selection : selection against nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions Synonymous substitutions : nucleotide substitutions in the genome resulting in amino acid replacements Enzootic cycle : continual transmission between zoonotic host and arthropod vector (enzootic vector) that leads to amplification of virus Ro : The basic reproductive rate of a pathogen Bridge vector : an arthropod, most commonly a mosquito, that carries virus from the amplification cycle to secondary hosts Vector competence : the ability of an arthropod to become infected with and transmit a pathogen Vertical transmission : transmission of virus from a parental female mosquito to its progeny without infection of the germline cells Most recent citing papers (via CrossRef)Role of Communally Nesting Ardeid Birds in the Epidemiology of West Nile Virus Revisited Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 0(0):090106123333058-6 (2009) Vector Competence of Australian Mosquito Species for a North American Strain of West Nile Virus Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 8(6):805-812 (2009)  Infectious Disease in the Genomic Era Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 9:21-48 (2008) Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus Animal Health Research Reviews 9(01) (2008)
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