Emotion Theory and Research: Highlights, Unanswered Questions, and Emerging Issues

Literature Cited

1. Ackerman BP, Abe JA, Izard CE. 1998. Differential emotions theory and emotional development: mindful of modularity. What Develops in Emotional Development? Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy M Mascolo, S Griffin 85–106 New York: Plenum [Google Scholar]
2. Aunger R. 2002. The Electric Meme: A New Theory of How We Think New York: Free Press392
3. Bacon F. 1620/1968. Novum Organum. The Works of Francis Bacon: Baron of Verulam, Viscount St. Alban, and Lord High Chancellor of England J Spedding, RL Ellis, DD Heath 47–69 New York: Garrett Press [Google Scholar]
4. Bargh JA, Morsella E. 2008. The unconscious mind. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 3:73–79 [Google Scholar]
5. Barrett LF. 2006. Are emotions natural kinds?. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 1:28–58 [Google Scholar]
6. Barrett LF, Lindquist KA, Bliss-Moreau E, Duncan S, Gendron M. et al. 2007. Of mice and men: natural kinds of emotions in the mammalian brain? A response to Panksepp and Izard. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 2:297–312 [Google Scholar]
7. Barrett LF, Niedenthal PM, Winkielman P. 2005a. Emotion and Consciousness New York: Guilford
8. Barrett LF, Niedenthal PM, Winkielman P. 2005b. Introduction. See Barrett et al. 2005a 1–18
9. Bechara A, Damasio H, Damasio A. 2000. Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 10:295–307 [Google Scholar]
10. Blackmore S. 1999. The Meme Machine New York: Oxford Univ. Press
11. Block N. 2007. Consciousness, accessibility, and the mesh between psychology and neuroscience. Behav. Brain Sci. 30:481–99 [Google Scholar]
12. Buschman TJ, Miller EK. 2007. Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science 315:1860–62 [Google Scholar]
13. Carr L, Iacoboni M, Dubeau M-C, Mazziotta JC, Lenzi GL. 2003. Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:5497–502 [Google Scholar]
14. Chalmers DJ. 1996. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory New York: Oxford Univ. Press
15. Claxton LJ, Keen R, McCarty ME. 2003. Evidence of motor planning in infant reaching behavior. Psychol. Sci. 14:354–56 [Google Scholar]
16. Clore GL, Storbeck J, Robinson MD, Centerbar DB. 2005. Seven sins in the study of unconscious affect. See Barrett et al. 2005a 384–408
17. Clore GL, Wyer RS Jr, Dienes B, Gasper K, Gohm C, Isbell L. 2001. Affective feelings as feedback: some cognitive consequences. Theories of Mood and Cognition: A User's Guidebook LL Martin, GL Clore 27–62 Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum [Google Scholar]
18. Creighton JE. 1921. Reason and feeling. Philos. Rev. 30:465–81 [Google Scholar]
19. Damasio AR. 1999. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness New York: Harcourt Brace
20. Damasio A. 2003. The person within. Nature 423:6937227 [Google Scholar]
21. Dapretto M, Davies MS, Pfeifer JH, Scott AA, Sigman M. et al. 2006. Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nat. Neurosci. 9:28–30 [Google Scholar]
22. Darwin C. 1872/1965. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
23. Davidson RJ. 1994. Asymmetric brain function, affective style, and psychopathology: the role of early experience and plasticity. Dev. Psychol. 6:741–58 [Google Scholar]
24. Davidson RJ. 1998. Affective style and affective disorders: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cogn. Emot. 12:307–30 [Google Scholar]
25. Dawkins R. 1989. The Selfish Gene London: Oxford Univ. Press
26. de Gelder B. 2005. Nonconscious emotions: new findings and perspectives on nonconscious facial expression recognition and its voice and whole-body contexts. See Barrett et al. 2005a 123–49
27. De Martino B, Kumaran D, Seymour B, Dolan RJ. 2006. Frames, biases, and rational decision-making in the human brain. Science 313:684–87 [Google Scholar]
28. Denham SA, Burton R. 2003. Social and Emotional Prevention and Intervention Programming for Preschoolers New York: Kluwer Acad./Plenum
29. Diener E, Smith H, Fujita F. 1995. The personality structure of affect. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 69:130–41 [Google Scholar]
30. Distin K. 2004. The Selfish Meme: A Critical Reassessment New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
31. Domitrovich CE, Greenberg MT. 2004. Preventive interventions with young children: building on the foundation of early intervention programs. Early Educ. Dev. 15:365–70 [Google Scholar]
32. Edelman GM. 2006. Second nature: the transformation of knowledge. Second Nature: Brain Science and Human Knowledge GM Edelman 142–57 New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
33. Edelman GM, Tononi G. 2000. A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination New York: Basic Books274
34. Eisenberg N, Spinrad TL. 2004. Emotion-related regulation: sharpening the definition. Child Dev. 75:334–39 [Google Scholar]
35. Ekman P. 2003. Emotions Revealed New York: Times Books
36. Ellsworth PC. 1994. William James and emotion: Is a century of fame worth a century of misunderstanding?. Psychol. Rev. 101222–29 [Google Scholar]
37. Ellsworth PC, Scherer KR. 2003. Appraisal processes in emotion. Handbook of Affective Sciences RJ Davidson, KR Scherer, HH Goldsmith 572–95 New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
38. Fox NA, Henderson HA, Marshall PJ, Nichols KE, Ghera MM. 2005. Behavioral inhibition: linking biology and behavior within a developmental framework. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 56:235–62 [Google Scholar]
39. Fredrickson BL. 1998. What good are positive emotions?. Rev. Gen. Psychol. 2:300–19 [Google Scholar]
40. Fredrickson BL. 2007. Positive emotions. Handbook of Positive Psychology CR Snyder, S Lopez 120–34 New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
41. Goldsmith HH, Campos JJ. 1982. Toward a theory of infant temperament. The Development of Attachment and Affiliative Systems RN Emde, RJ Harmon 231–83 Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum [Google Scholar]
42. Gray JA. 1990. Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition. Cogn. Emot. 4:269–88 [Google Scholar]
43. Gray JR, Schaefer A, Braver TS, Most SB. 2005. Affect and the resolution of cognitive control dilemmas. See Barrett et al. 2005a 67–94
44. Greenberg LS, Paivio SC. 1997. Working with Emotions in Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford
45. Gross JJ. 2002. Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology 39:281–91 [Google Scholar]
46. Hatfield E, Cacioppo JT, Rapson RL. 1993. Emotional contagion. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 2:96–99 [Google Scholar]
47. Hoffman ML. 2000. Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
48. Humphrey N. 2006. Seeing Red Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
49. Iacoboni M. 2007. Face to face: the neural basis of social mirroring and empathy. Psychiatr. Ann. 37:236–41 [Google Scholar]
50. Izard CE. 1971. The Face of Emotion New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts
51. Izard CE. 1972. Patterns of Emotions: A New Analysis of Anxiety and Depression New York: Academic
52. Izard CE. 1977. Human Emotions New York: Plenum
53. Izard CE. 1984. Emotion-cognition relationships and human development. Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior CE Izard, J Kagan, RB Zajonc 17–37 New York: Cambridge Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
54. Izard CE. 1990. Facial expressions and the regulation of emotions. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 58:487–98 [Google Scholar]
55. Izard CE. 1993. Four systems for emotion activation: cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychol. Rev. 100:68–90 [Google Scholar]
56. Izard CE. 2002. Translating emotion theory and research into preventive interventions. Psychol. Bull. 128:796–824 [Google Scholar]
57. Izard CE. 2006. Experts' Definitions of Emotion and Their Ratings of Its Components and Characteristics Unpubl. manuscr., Univ. Delaware, Newark
58. Izard CE. 2007a. Basic emotions, natural kinds, emotion schemas, and a new paradigm. Personal. Psychol. Sci. 2:260–80 [Google Scholar]
59. Izard CE. 2007b. Levels of emotion and levels of consciousness. Behav. Brain Sci. 30:96–98 [Google Scholar]
60. Izard CE, Fantauzzo CA, Castle JM, Haynes OM, Rayias MF, Putnam PH. 1995. The ontogeny and significance of infants' facial expressions in the first 9 months of life. Dev. Psychol. 31:997–1013 [Google Scholar]
61. Izard CE, Hembree EA, Huebner RR. 1987. Infants' emotion expressions to acute pain: developmental change and stability of individual differences. Dev. Psychol. 23:105–13 [Google Scholar]
62. Izard CE, King KA, Trentacosta CJ, Laurenceau JP, Morgan JK. et al. 2008a. Accelerating the development of emotion competence in Head Start children. Dev. Psychol. 20:369–97 [Google Scholar]
63. Izard CE, Malatesta CZ. 1987. Perspectives on emotional development: differential emotions theory of early emotional development. Handbook of Infant Development JD Osofsky 494–554 New York: Wiley Intersci, 2nd. [Google Scholar]
64. Izard CE, Quinn PC, Most SB. 2008b. Many ways to awareness: a developmental perspective on cognitive access. Behav. Brain Sci. 30:506–7 [Google Scholar]
65. Izard C, Stark K, Trentacosta C, Schultz D. 2008c. Beyond emotion regulation: emotion utilization and adaptive functioning. Child Dev. Perspect. In press
66. Jablonka E, Lamb MJ. 2005. Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life Cambridge, MA: MIT Press462
67. James W. 1884. What is emotion?. Mind 4:188–204 [Google Scholar]
68. Kennedy-Moore E, Watson JC. 1999. Expressing Emotion: Myths, Realities, and Therapeutic Strategies New York: Guilford
69. Keysers C, Perrett DI. 2004. Demystifying social cognition: a Hebbian perspective. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8:501–7 [Google Scholar]
70. Kihlstrom JF. 1999. The psychological unconscious. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research LA Pervin, OP John 424–42 New York: Guilford [Google Scholar]
71. Kleinginna PR, Kleinginna AM. 1981. A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motiv. Emot. 5:345–79 [Google Scholar]
72. Lambie JA, Marcel AJ. 2002. Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: a theoretical framework. Psychol. Rev. 109:219–59 [Google Scholar]
73. Lane RD, Ahern GL, Schwartz GE, Kaszniak AW. 1997. Is alexithymia the emotional equivalent of blindsight?. Biol. Psychiatry 42:834–44 [Google Scholar]
74. Langer SK. 1967/1982. Mind: An Essay on Human Feeling Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
75. Langsdorf P, Izard CE, Rayias M, Hembree E. 1983. Interest expression, visual fixation, and heart rate changes in 2- to 8-month-old infants. Dev. Psychol. 19:375–86 [Google Scholar]
76. LeDoux JE. 1996. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon & Schuster [Google Scholar]
77. Lerner JS, Tiedens LZ. 2006. Portrait of the angry decision maker: how appraisal tendencies shape anger's influence on cognition. J. Behav. Decis. Mak. 19:115–37 [Google Scholar]
78. Lewis M. 2005. Bridging emotion theory and neurobiology through dynamic systems modeling. Behav. Brain Sci. 28:169–245 [Google Scholar]
79. Lieberman MD, Eisenberger NI, Crockett MJ, Tom SM, Pfeifer JH, Way BM. 2007. Putting feelings into words. Psychol. Sci. 18:421–28 [Google Scholar]
80. Magai C, Hunziker J. 1993. Tolstoy and the riddle of developmental transformation: a lifespan analysis of the role of emotions in personality development. Handbook of Emotions MB Lewis, JM Haviland 247–59 New York: Guilford [Google Scholar]
81. Magai C, McFadden SH. 1995. The Role of Emotions in Social and Personality Development: History, Theory, and Research. New York: Plenum
82. Mayer JD, Salovey P. 1997. What is emotional intelligence?. Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Implications for Educators P Salovey, D Sluyter 3–31 New York: Basic Books [Google Scholar]
83. Meltzoff AN, Moore MK. 1994. Imitation, memory, and the representation of persons. Infant Behav. Dev. 17:83–99 [Google Scholar]
84. Merker B. 2007. Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: a challenge for neuroscience and medicine. Behav. Brain Sci. 30:63–134 [Google Scholar]
85. Miller G. 2006. Neuroscience: The emotional brain weighs its options. Science 313:600–1 [Google Scholar]
86. Miller G. 2008. Neuroscience: Mirror neurons may help songbirds stay in tune. Science 319:269 [Google Scholar]
87. Mischel W, Shoda Y. 1995. A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychol. Rev. 102:246–68 [Google Scholar]
88. Mischel W, Shoda Y. 1998. Reconciling processing dynamics and personality dispositions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 49:229–58 [Google Scholar]
89. Mobbs D, Petrovic P, Marchant JL, Hassabis D, Weiskopf N. et al. 2007. When fear is near: Threat imminence elicits prefrontal-periaqueductal gray shifts in humans. Science 317:58411079–83 [Google Scholar]
90. Naqvi N, Shiv B, Bechara A. 2006. The role of emotion in decision making: a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 15:260–4 [Google Scholar]
91. Niedenthal PM. 2007. Embodying emotion. Science 316:1002–5 [Google Scholar]
92. Noble D. 2006. The Music of Life New York: Oxford Univ. Press
93. Northoff G, Heinzel A, Bermpohl F, Niese R, Pfennig A. et al. 2004. Reciprocal modulation and attenuation in the prefrontal cortex: an fMRI study on emotional-cognitive interaction. Hum. Brain Mapp. 21:202–12 [Google Scholar]
94. Oberman LM, Ramachandran VS. 2007. The simulating social mind: the role of the mirror neuron system and simulation in the social and communicative deficits of autism spectrum disorders. Psychol. Bull. 133:310–27 [Google Scholar]
95. Öhman A. 2002. Automaticity and the amygdala: nonconscious responses to emotional faces. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 11:62–66 [Google Scholar]
96. Öhman A. 2005. The role of the amygdala in human fear: automatic detection of threat. Psychoneuroendocrinology 30:953–58 [Google Scholar]
97. Panksepp J. 2007. Neurologizing the psychology of affects: how appraisal-based constructivism and basic emotion theory can coexist. Personal. Psychol. Sci. 2:281–95 [Google Scholar]
98. Panksepp J. 2003a. Damasio's error?. Conscious. Emot. 4:111–34 [Google Scholar]
99. Panksepp J. 2003b. At the interface of the affective, behavioral, and cognitive neurosciences: decoding the emotional feelings of the brain. Brain Cogn. 52:4–14 [Google Scholar]
100. Panksepp J. 2005. Affective consciousness: core emotional feelings in animals and humans. Conscious. Cogn. 14:30–80 [Google Scholar]
101. Pessoa L. 2008. On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9:148–58 [Google Scholar]
102. Phelps EA. 2006. Emotion and cognition: insights from studies of the human amygdala. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 57:27–53 [Google Scholar]
103. Rizzolatti G, Craighero L. 2004. The mirror-neuron system. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27:169–92 [Google Scholar]
104. Rosenthal AM. 1964/1999. Thirty-Eight Witnesses: The Kitty Genovese Case Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
105. Russell JA. 2003. Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychol. Rev. 110:145–72 [Google Scholar]
106. Scherer K. 2000. Emotion. Introduction to Social Psychology: A European Perspective M Hewstone, W Stroebe 151–91 Oxford: Blackwell Sci. [Google Scholar]
107. Schwarz N, Clore GL. 1983. Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: informative and directive functions of affective states. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 45:513–23 [Google Scholar]
108. Shweder RA. 1994. “You're not sick, you're just in love”: an attributional theory of motivation and emotion. The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions P Ekman, R Davidson 32–44 New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
109. Silvia PJ. 2006. Exploring the Psychology of Interest New York: Oxford Univ. Press
110. Spinoza B. 1677/1957. The Ethics of Spinoza New York: Citadel
111. Talmi D, Frith C. 2007. Neurobiology: feeling right about doing right. Nature 446:865–66 [Google Scholar]
112. Tangney JP, Stuewig J, Mashek DJ. 2007. Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 58:345–72 [Google Scholar]
113. Tomkins SS. 1962. Affect, Imagery, Consciousness: Vol. I. The Positive Affects New York: Springer
114. Tomkins SS. 1963. Affect, Imagery, Consciousness: Vol. II. The Negative Affects New York: Springer
115. Tomkins SS. 1987. Script theory. The Emergence of Personality J Aronoff, AI Rabin, RA Zucker 72–97 New York: Springer [Google Scholar]
116. Weiskrantz L. 2001. Blindsight–putting beta (β) on the back burner. Out of Mind: Varieties of Unconscious Processes B De Gelder, EHF De Haan, CA Heywood 20–31 New York: Oxford Univ. Press [Google Scholar]
117. Winkielman P, Berridge KC, Wilbarger JL. 2005. Emotion, behavior, and conscious experience: once more without feeling. See Barrett et al. 2005a 335–62
118. Youngstrom EA, Izard CE. 2008. Functions of emotions and emotion-related dysfunction. Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation AJ Elliot 363–80 Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum [Google Scholar]