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- Volume 34, 2004
Annual Review of Materials Research - Volume 34, 2004
Volume 34, 2004
- Preface
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QUANTUM DOT OPTO-ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 1–40More Less▪ AbstractHighly strained semiconductors grow epitaxially on mismatched substrates in the Stranski-Krastanow growth mode, wherein islands are formed after a few monolayers of layer-by-layer growth. Elastic relaxation on the facet edges, renormalization of the surface energy of the facets, and interaction between neighboring islands via the substrate are the driving forces for self-organized growth. The dimensions of the defect-free islands are of the order λB, the de Broglie wavelength, and provide three-dimensional quantum confinement of carriers. Self-organized In(Ga)As/GaAs quantum dots, or quantum boxes, are grown by molecular beam expitaxy (MBE) or metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on GaAs, InP, and other substrates and are being incorporated in microelectronic and opto-electronic devices. The use of strain to produce self-organized quantum dots has now become a well-accepted approach and is widely used in III–V semiconductors and other material systems. Much progress has been made in the area of growth, where focus has been on size control, and on optical characterization, where the goal has been the application to lasers and detectors. The unique carrier dynamics in the dots, characterized by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy, has led to novel device applications. This article reviews the growth and electronic properties of InGaAs quantum dots and the characteristics of interband and intersublevel lasers and detectors and modulation devices.
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SYNTHESIS ROUTES FOR LARGE VOLUMES OF NANOPARTICLES
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 41–81More Less▪ AbstractThis review focuses on the preparation of capped nanoparticles of inorganic materials, classified by composition. The materials described include elemental metals and metalloids (semiconductors), chalcogenide II–VI and IV–VI semiconductors, III–V semiconductors, and oxides (both of simple- and multitransition metal). Although particular emphasis is placed on methods that yield large volumes of nanoparticles, recent novel methods that may not necessarily be scalable are also reviewed. The review makes apparent the richness of chemistry that has become routine to practitioners in the field; diverse inorganic systems with distinct chemistry require distinct methods of preparation.
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SEMICONDUCTOR NANOWIRES AND NANOTUBES
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 83–122More Less▪ AbstractSemiconductor nanowires and nanotubes exhibit novel electronic and optical properties owing to their unique structural one-dimensionality and possible quantum confinement effects in two dimensions. With a broad selection of compositions and band structures, these one-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures are considered to be the critical components in a wide range of potential nanoscale device applications. To fully exploit these one-dimensional nanostructures, current research has focused on rational synthetic control of one-dimensional nanoscale building blocks, novel properties characterization and device fabrication based on nanowire building blocks, and integration of nanowire elements into complex functional architectures. Significant progress has been made in a few short years. This review highlights the recent advances in the field, using work from this laboratory for illustration. The understanding of general nanocrystal growth mechanisms serves as the foundation for the rational synthesis of semiconductor heterostructures in one dimension. Availability of these high-quality semiconductor nanostructures allows systematic structural-property correlation investigations, particularly of a size- and dimensionality-controlled nature. Novel properties including nanowire microcavity lasing, phonon transport, interfacial stability and chemical sensing are surveyed.
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SIMULATION OF DNA-NANOTUBE INTERACTIONS
Huajian Gao, and Yong KongVol. 34 (2004), pp. 123–150More Less▪ AbstractCarbon nanotubes functionalized with biological molecules (such as protein peptides and nucleic acids) show great potential for application in bioengineering and nanotechnology. Fundamental understanding, description, and regulation of such bio-nano-systems will ultimately lead to a new generation of integrated systems that combine unique properties of the carbon nanotube (CNT) with biological recognition capabilities. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the interactions between deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and CNT, as well as relevant simulation techniques. We also review progress in simulating DNA noncovalent interactions with CNTs in an aqueous environment. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that DNA molecules may be encapsulated inside or wrap around CNT owing to van der Waals attraction between DNA and CNT. We focus on the dynamics and energetics of DNA encapsulation inside nanotubes and discuss the mechanism of encapsulation and the effects of nanotube size, nanotube end-group, DNA base sequence, solvent temperature and pressure on the encapsulation process. Finally, we discuss the likely impact of DNA encapsulation on bioengineering and nanotechnology, as well as other potential applications.
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CHEMICAL SENSING AND CATALYSIS BY ONE-DIMENSIONAL METAL-OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 151–180More Less▪ AbstractMetal-oxide nanowires can function as sensitive and selective chemical or biological sensors, which could potentially be massively multiplexed in devices of small size. The active nanowire sensor element in such devices can be configured either as resistors whose conductance is altered by charge-transfer processes occurring at their surfaces or as field-effect transistors whose properties can be controlled by applying an appropriate potential onto its gate. Functionalizing the surface of these entities offers yet another avenue for expanding their sensing capability. In turn, because charge exchange between an adsorbate and the nanowire can change the electron density in the nanowire, modifying the nanowire's carrier density by external means, such as applying a potential to the gate, could modify its surface chemical properties and perhaps change the rate and selectivity of catalytic processes occurring at its surface. Although research on the use of metal-oxide nanowires as sensors is still in early stages, several encouraging experiments have been reported that are interesting in their own right and indicative of a promising future.
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SELF-ASSEMBLED SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS: Fundamental Physics and Device Applications
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 181–218More Less▪ AbstractAs a result of their fully quantized electronic states and high radiative efficiencies, self-assembled quantum dots have enabled major advances in fundamental physics studies of zero-dimensionality semiconductor systems and in a variety of novel device applications. This article reviews some of the more important recent advances, covering the study and application of both ensembles and single quantum dots. It shows that a comprehensive understanding of the dot electronic structure and dynamical carrier processes is possible and that this knowledge underpins the various device applications.
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THERMAL TRANSPORT IN NANOFLUIDS1
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 219–246More Less▪ AbstractNanofluids, consisting of nanometer-sized solid particles and fibers dispersed in liquids, have recently been demonstrated to have great potential for improving the heat transfer properties of liquids. Several characteristic behaviors of nanofluids have been identified, including the possibility of obtaining large increases in thermal conductivity compared with liquids without nanoparticles, strong temperature-dependent effects, and significant increases in critical heat flux. Observed behavior is in many cases anomalous with respect to the predictions of existing macroscopic theories, indicating the need for a new theory that properly accounts for the unique features of nanofluids. Theoretical studies of the possible heat transfer mechanisms have been initiated, but to date obtaining an atomic- and microscale-level understanding of how heat is transferred in nanofluids remains the greatest challenge that must be overcome in order to realize the full potential of this new class of heat transfer fluids.
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UNUSUAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF CARBON NANOTUBES
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 247–278More Less▪ AbstractThe unusual structure and properties of carbon nanotubes are presented, with particular reference to single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) and nanotube properties that differ from those of their bulk counterparts. The atomic structure; electronic structure; and vibrational, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties are discussed, with reference made to nanotube junctions, nanotube filling, and double-wall nanotubes (DWNTs). Special attention is given to resonance Raman spectroscopy at the single nanotube level. The status of current research in this field is assessed and opportunities for future research are identified.
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MODELING AND SIMULATION OF BIOMATERIALS
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 279–314More Less▪ AbstractModeling and simulation are becoming increasingly accepted components of materials research. In this review we discuss application of modeling and simulation in the developing field of biomaterials. To restrict the discussion somewhat, we focus primarily on the structure and properties of biomaterials and do not discuss biochemical or biomedical applications. We start with a discussion of how atomistic-level simulation can be used to study molecules and collections of molecules. We then focus on mesoscale simulations of structure and properties, followed by a brief review of continuum-scale approaches. We end with some thoughts on the future of modeling and simulation in biomaterials applications.
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BIONANOMECHANICAL SYSTEMS
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 315–337More Less▪ AbstractOver the past two decades, advances in biophysical instrumentation have enabled the study of molecular motors at the single molecule level. These studies have inspired the creation of biological/inorganic systems powered by such motors in an attempt to exploit their unique sizes, speeds, functions, and energy utilization capabilities. We give a brief overview of the state-of-the-art of biological and synthetic molecular motors and discuss some initial efforts to exploit their function in engineered structures. We also briefly discuss the construction of devices powered by organized and coordinated arrays of millions of motors in which the growth of cardiac muscle tissue over a microfabricated silicon “skeleton” is directed and controlled.
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UNCONVENTIONAL NANOFABRICATION
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 339–372More Less▪ AbstractNanostructures are fabricated using either conventional or unconventional tools—that is, by techniques that are highly developed and widely used or by techniques that are relatively new and still being developed. This chapter reviews techniques of unconventional nanofabrication, and focuses on experimentally simple and inexpensive approaches to pattern features with dimensions <100 nm. The techniques discussed include soft lithography, scanning probe lithography, and edge lithography. The chapter includes recent advances in fabricating nanostructures using each set of techniques, together with demonstrated advantages, limitations, and applications for each.
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MATERIALS ASSEMBLY AND FORMATION USING ENGINEERED POLYPEPTIDES
Vol. 34 (2004), pp. 373–408More Less▪ AbstractMolecular biomimetics can be defined as mimicking function, synthesis, or structure of materials and systems at the molecular scale using biological pathways. Here, inorganic-binding polypeptides are used as molecular building blocks to control assembly and formation of functional inorganic and hybrid materials and systems for nano- and nanobiotechnology applications. These polypeptides are selected via phage or cell surface display technologies and modified by molecular biology to tailor their binding and multifunctionality properties. The potential of this approach in creating new materials systems with useful physical and biological properties is enormous. This mostly stems from molecular recognition and self-assembly characteristics of the polypeptides plus the added advantage of genetic manipulation of their composition and structure. In this review, we highlight the basic premises of molecular biomimetics, describe the approaches in selecting and engineering inorganic-binding polypeptides, and present examples of their utility as molecular linkers in current and future applications.
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Previous Volumes
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Volume 53 (2023)
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Volume 52 (2022)
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Volume 51 (2021)
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Volume 50 (2020)
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Volume 49 (2019)
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Volume 48 (2018)
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Volume 47 (2017)
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Volume 46 (2016)
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Volume 45 (2015)
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Volume 44 (2014)
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Volume 43 (2013)
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Volume 42 (2012)
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Volume 41 (2011)
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Volume 40 (2010)
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Volume 39 (2009)
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Volume 38 (2008)
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Volume 37 (2007)
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Volume 36 (2006)
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Volume 35 (2005)
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Volume 34 (2004)
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Volume 33 (2003)
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Volume 32 (2002)
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Volume 31 (2001)
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Volume 30 (2000)
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Volume 29 (1999)
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Volume 28 (1998)
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Volume 27 (1997)
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Volume 26 (1996)
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Volume 25 (1995)
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Volume 24 (1994)
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Volume 23 (1993)
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Volume 22 (1992)
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Volume 21 (1991)
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Volume 20 (1990)
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Volume 19 (1989)
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Volume 18 (1988)
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Volume 17 (1987)
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Volume 16 (1986)
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Volume 15 (1985)
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Volume 14 (1984)
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Volume 13 (1983)
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Volume 12 (1982)
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Volume 11 (1981)
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Volume 10 (1980)
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Volume 9 (1979)
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Volume 8 (1978)
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Volume 7 (1977)
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Volume 6 (1976)
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Volume 5 (1975)
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Volume 4 (1974)
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Volume 3 (1973)
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Volume 2 (1972)
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Volume 1 (1971)
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Volume 0 (1932)